Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням

Agricultural development

BASIC AGRICULTURE

Agricultural economics

DO THIS TEST! 

Learn the active vocabulary of the Lesson and be ready to use it in your further work:

coin v – вигадувати, створювати;

be nothing but – бути нічим іншим як;

curate v – розробляти;

demand n – попит, потреба;

supply n – постачання, поставка;

economies of scale – економія масштабу;

pricing theories – теорії ціноутворення;

distribution policies – політика розподілу;

proactive approach – проактивний підхід;

reactive approach – реактивний підхід;

be bottlenecks – бути обмеженими;

be scarce – бути дефіцитними;

Product Manufacturing – виготовлення продукції;

Product Development – розробка продукції;

Product Financing – фінансування продукції;

Product Marketing – маркетинг продукту;

Product Processing – переробка продукції;

Product Regulation – контроль за продукцією;

Product Research – дослідження продукту;

Product Taxation – оподаткування продуктів;

Product Transportation – транспортування продукції;

inflow of limited resources – притік обмежених ресурсів;

outflow of limited resources – відтік обмежених ресурсів;

allocation efficiency – ефективність розподілу;

scarcity n – дефіцит;

ensure v – забезпечувати;

wealth generation – накопичення багатства;

relevance n – актуальність;

catalyse v – каталізувати;

lift v – піднімати;

allocating resource – розподіл ресурсів;

pivotal adj – ключовий;

sustainability n – стійкість, сталий розвиток.

Read and translate the text:

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What does a term Agricultural economics mean?

2. What tools of economics can be applied to agriculture?

3. What use of resources does agricultural economics help to optimise?

4. How can agricultural economics be defined?

5. What resources does agricultural economics study?

6. What does agricultural economics involve to solve all aspects and problems associated with it?

7. What basic principles of economics do you know?

8. What vital question of microeconomics can you identify?

9. What vital question of macroeconomics can you identify?

II. Learn the following groups of:

a) synonyms:

Soil-land, distribute-divide, do-act, problem-question, rich-wealthy, labour-work-job, last-past, significant-important.

b) antonyms:

Rich - poor, primitive - complex,  war - peace,  trust - distrust, obey - disobey, important - unimportant,live - die, alive - dead.

III. Put the proper form of "to be":

1.  Agricultural economics (to be) a branch of applied economics.

2.  Microeconomics (to be) one of the tools of agricultural economics.

3.  Agricultural economics of Ukraine (to be) developed now.

4.  Small-scale production (not to be) able to provide high quality products.

5.  Now the resources in this area (to be) poor.

6.  Livestock (to be) today in Ukraine in a difficult situation.

7.  A major part of agricultural income (to be) exempt from taxation.

8.  The income of farmers (to be) generally low compared to other workers.

IV. Translate from Ukrainian into English. State the functions of "to be":

1. Галузь економіки сільського господарства була зосереджена на питаннях фермерського рівня. 2. Ми повинні вивчати проблему зайнятості. 3. Вона збирається працювати у галузі економіки. 4. Вони — студенти Млинівського технолого-економічного фахового коледжу. 5. Торгівля — важлива сфера людської діяльності. 6. Це питання є спірним. 7. П'ять років тому я була учасником конференції присвяченій розвитку економіки сілького господарства в Україні.

V. Fill in the gaps, using the following words: economy, economist, economic, economics, economise, economical.

* MIND: economic relies to the subject of economics, economical means careful, not wasteful.

1. It can be said that an early definition of _____ was an "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". 2. The national _____ is the system of the management and use of resources of a country. 3. It is often possible to _____ if one compares the prices of items before buying them. 4. J.M. Keynes was a famous _______. 5. Inflation may cause a country to be in a bad _______state. 6. It is usually more _____ to buy large quantities of a product than small ones. 7. Investors watch the rate of ___ growth closely. 8. Despite the efforts of the government, the black ___ continues to grow. 9. That car burns so much gasoline that it is not ___ . 10. He lost his job so he has to ___ by using buses instead of taking a taxi.

VI. Read and translate the meanings of the following terms. Translate the sentences with them:

Consumer - is a person who buys goods and services for her/his own use and not for resale.

1. Consumers have the right to return faulty goods and demand a refund from the supplier.

2. Consumer is a person whose wants are satisfied by producers.

Certificate(n) - is a written or printed paper issued by an authority as proof of something.

1. She receives a certificate of ownership.

2. Certificate of origin is signed either by the exporter or by an organization officially appointed to do so.

3. Certificate of damage is needed by the importer to support his claim on an insurer or the ship-owners.

Certify(v) - formally declare something that a certain stated fact is true.

1. The accused has been certified to be insane.

2. You have to get these accounts certified by an auditor.

VII.   Translate the following extract in written form:  

Ukraine’s livestock inventory continued on its three decades-long downward trend and will remain on it in 2021. Declining cattle numbers will lead to lower Ukrainian beef and live animal exports. Although swine numbers increased somewhat by 2021, this increase is expected to be short-lived. Squeezed between weakening pork prices and skyrocketing feed prices, Ukrainian pork producers will not be able to sustain this growth throughout 2021. Pork imports are expected to grow to compensate for a drop in pork production. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 on Ukrainian red meat production and trade has been insignificant, although Ukrainian domestic market distribution channels changed notably.

VIII.  Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What does an agricultural economist do at the micro level?

2. What do production economists examine?

3. What do market economists focus on?

4. What are financial economists concerned with?

5. What do financial economists focus on?

6. What is the activity of agricultural economists at the macro level? 

THE ACTIVITIES OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS AT:

Microeconomic Level

Agricultural economists at the micro level are concerned with issues related to resource use in the production, processing, distribution, and consumption of products in the food and fiber system. Production economists examine resource demand by businesses and their supply response. Market economists focus on the flow of food and fiber through market channels to their final destination and the determination of prices at each stage. Financial economists are concerned with issues related to the financing of businesses and the supply of capital to these firms. Resource economists focus on the use and preservation of the nation’s natural resources. Other economists are interested in the formation of government programs for specific commodities that will support the incomes of farmers and provide food and fiber products to low-income consumers.

Macroeconomic Level

Agricultural economists involved at the macro level are interested in how agriculture and agribusinesses affect domestic and world economies and how the events taking place in other sectors affect these firms and vice versa. For example, agricultural economists employed by the Federal Reserve System must evaluate how changes in monetary policy affect the prices of various food commodities. Macroeconomists with a research interest may use computer-based models to analyze the direct and indirect effects that specific monetary or fiscal policy proposals would have on the farm business sector. Macroeconomists employed by multinational food companies examine foreign trade relationships for food and fiber products. Others address issues in the area of international development.

IX. Match the types of farms in agricultural economics with their corresponding definitions:

X. Ask questions on the text and retell it:

THE CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Fluctuating Prices 

Farmers do not respond promptly to changes in the demand for the product. Once they plant the seeds, they cannot do much about increasing or decreasing production until the next crop cycle. This limitation along with fluctuating prices is the major drawback of the agricultural industry.

Unstable Income

Fluctuating prices mean unstable incomes. The income of farmers is generally low compared to other workers. Because of this reason, farmers have very little incentive to continue farming and not seek employment elsewhere.

The government has taken measures to alleviate these problems and foster better results among farmers. 

Some of these measures are as follows:

Subsidies 

The government regularly offers subsidies to farmers on the purchase of fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, etc to facilitate efficient production.

Taxation 

A major part of agricultural income is exempt from taxation. By doing this, the government provides direct relief to farmers.

Incentives 

The government offers various incentives to industrialists to encourage them to set up factories in rural areas to generate employment and foster development.

Import Quotas

The government applies various import quotas to match the prices of cheap imported goods with the prices of domestically cultivated products to maintain competition.

XI. Identify the form of the Gerund:

Being examined, making, having weaned, having been done, being repaired, having left, having been translated, trying, being developed, breeding, watering, having bred, having been watered, being pruned, having been fed, feeding.

XII. Translate the word combinations with the Gerund:

To feed